Academic Standards, Procedures, and Policies

• General Academic Policies and Procedures
• Policies Regarding Courses
• Graduating
• General Education Requirements

General Academic Policies and Procedures

Students are expected to be familiar with all of the college’s academic policies and procedures. Seek the assistance of a counselor or faculty advisor if you have questions about regulations and procedures stated in this or any other section of the college catalog.

In order to receive credit and a grade for a course, a student must properly register for and pay for the course prior to the registration deadline as stated in the Course Schedule for a particular semester or summer session.

Academic Honesty Policy

“Westchester Community College looks to students to engage in activities that promote individual growth, demonstrate civility toward others, and builds community through the safe, respectful exchange of diverse thought, opinion, and action while on campus and in everyday events.  To maintain the trust extended by the College, students are expected to exhibit personal accountability and remember that the decisions they make have an impact on the overall health of our community, and, ultimately, on the quality of their experience.” – Student Code of Conduct, Introduction

Academic dishonesty, including plagiarism, cheating, and collusion undermines the college’s educational mission and students’ personal and intellectual growth. Students are expected to bear individual responsibility for their work and to uphold the ideal of academic integrity. Any student who attempts to compromise or devalue the academic process will be held accountable for their actions.

Acts of Academic Dishonesty

A. Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of presenting another person’s ideas, research, or writing as one’s own. Examples include:

1. Copying another person’s actual words without both the use of quotations and documentation. 

2. Presenting another person’s ideas or theories in one’s own words without documentation.

3. Using information that is not considered common knowledge without acknowledging the source. 

4. Using a paper writing “service” or having a friend write the paper.

Note: The guidelines that define plagiarism also apply to information secured on web sites. Internet references must specify precisely where the information was obtained and where it can be found.

Students may think that citing another author’s work will lower their grade. In some unusual cases this may be true, if the instructor has indicated that a student must write a paper without reading additional material. But in fact, as students progress in their studies, students will be expected to show that they are familiar with important work in their field and can use this work to further their thinking. The key to avoiding plagiarism is for students to clearly show where their own thinking ends and someone else’s begins.

B. Cheating

Cheating is the attempted or unauthorized use of materials, information, notes, study aids, devices or communication during an academic exercise. Examples include (but are not limited to):

i. Tests and Exams:

1. Copying from another student during an examination or allowing another to copy your work.
2. Using unauthorized notes during a closed book examination.
3. Using unauthorized devices, software, websites or apps during an examination.
4. Asking or allowing another student, or anyone else, to take an examination for you.
5. Changing a corrected exam and returning it for more credit.
6. Preparing answers or writing notes in a blue book (exam booklet) before an examination.
7. Taking an examination for another student.
8. Taking an examination or any examination material out of an examination room at any time without the expressed permission of the instructor who created that examination.

ii. Take Home Tests and Individual Assignments:

1. If tutors or others aid the student in the preparation of an assignment, the submitted assignment should represent the student’s current level of ability.
2. Unauthorized collaborating on a take home assignment or examination.
3. Submitting substantial portions of the same paper to two classes without consulting the second instructor.
4. Using a paper writing “service” or having someone else write the paper for you.
5. Preparing an essay or assignment, or allowing one’s essay or assignment to be copied by someone else.
6. Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper or using someone else’s outline to write your own paper.
7. Intentionally citing inaccurate or nonexistent source materials.

iii. Collaborative (Group) Assignments:

1. Failure to acknowledge group members on homework and lab assignment.
2. Turning in another group member’s work as an example of your individual work.

Note: Group projects require careful division of responsibility and careful coordination to control the quality of the final product. Group work calls for a different kind of effort, not less of it. When group projects are assigned, the instructor is usually interested in the mastery of group process as well as the subject. Ask the instructor to clarify individual responsibilities and suggest a method of proceeding.

iv. Labs:

1. In computer programming classes, borrowing computer code from another student and presenting it as your own.
2. Copying a lab report, or allowing someone else to copy one’s report.
3. Using another student’s data unless specifically allowed by the instructor.
4. Allowing someone else to do the lab report.
5. Faking laboratory data.

C. Abuse of Library Privileges

Any attempt to deprive others of equal access to library resources constitutes a violation of academic integrity. This includes the hiding or deliberately mis-shelving of library books for the use of an individual or group, a repeated failure to respond to recall notices and the removal or attempt to remove library materials from the college library without authorization. Defacing, stealing or destroying books, articles or other library materials meant to serve the entire college community also constitutes a violation of academic integrity.

Procedures for Addressing Academic Dishonesty

Step 1:  Faculty Determination & Student Meeting

When a faculty member determines that a student has engaged in an act of academic dishonesty, the faculty member has the right to impose one of the following decisions, selected at the faculty member’s discretion:

1. Issue a warning without further penalty
2. Require that the student repeat the assignment or test
3. Lower a grade for the assignment/test
4. Fail the student for the assignment/test
5. Lower a course grade
6. Fail the student for the course

The faculty member must notify the student, in writing, of their determination and provide an opportunity to discuss the written notification with them.  The faculty member should provide a copy or link to this policy in their written notification.  A student must request to meet with the faculty member within five (5) business days of receiving notification if they wish to contest the allegation.  Upon receipt of the request from the student to meet, the faculty member should schedule the meeting within (5) business days.  This meeting may take place in person (face-to-face), by telephone, or electronically (i.e. Zoom, Skype, etc.).

Step 2:  Appeal to School Review Committee

A student reserves the right to file an appeal to the respective School Review Committee after they have either: (1) had a discussion with the faculty member and the student feels the issue is not resolved to their satisfaction; or (2) the faculty member is unavailable, does not reply, or fails to meet with the student upon the student’s timely request. The School Review Committee is a group appointed and chaired by a School Dean (or their designee) and is comprised of two (2) faculty members at large from the respective school.

A written appeal must be submitted to the School Review Committee within five (5) business days of the conclusion of Step 1.  Submissions must be submitted using the form found at www.sunywcc.edu/academicdishonestyappeal.  The School Review Committee will be comprised of the respective School Dean (or designee) and two faculty members at large from the respective school.

In the written appeal, a student must include: (1) a statement detailing why they believe the determination of their faculty member is incorrect; and (2) provide any and all evidence supporting their claim.  Upon receipt of the appeal, the School Review Committee will contact the faculty member to notify them of the student’s appeal.  The School Review Committee may request a written statement or a meeting with the faculty member.  The faculty member should present the School Review Committee with all evidence they have. 

In their sole discretion, using the information presented, the School Review Committee will make a determination as to the outcome of the appeal.  The School Review Committee may: (1) uphold the original determination of the faculty member; (2) reverse the original determination of the faculty member; and/or (3) modify the penalty(ies) imposed by the faculty member.  The School Review Committee will notify the student and faculty member of its decision in writing.  The decision of the School Review Committee is final. 

Any student who is found in violation of this policy becomes ineligible to grieve their final grade under the Procedures to Appeal a Final Grade policy found in the College Handbook.

Step 3:  Reporting to the Office of Student Life

At the conclusion of the process, an Academic Dishonesty Incident Report form found at www.sunywcc.edu/incidentreport should be submitted to the Office of Student Life.  If the student does not appeal, the faculty member should submit the report.  If the student does appeal, the School Dean, as Chair of the School Review Committee, should submit the report.  The report should include all documentation related or reviewed in the case.

At the sole discretion of the Associate Dean of Student Life or designee, the student can be referred through the college conduct process for possible college sanctions as outlined in the Code of Conduct.

Typically, students will be charged with a Code of Conduct violation when there have been multiple academic integrity issues or an instance of academic integrity so severe that it must be reviewed to determine if the student should continue as a member of the campus community.  In such a situation, the student will be held to all processes and procedures as outlined in the Code of Conduct.  The faculty member will serve as a witness to the case.

Attendance

Because of the relationship between attendance and course achievement, students are expected to attend all scheduled classes.

It is the responsibility of each faculty member at the start of the course to provide a clear written statement of the methods used to evaluate student achievement. Each faculty member also has the responsibility to advise students of his/her policies on make-up tests or assignments and on the treatment of missed assignments. Faculty members are encouraged to take into consideration extenuating circumstances when making individual decisions.

Traditionally, faculty members allow up to two hourly absences for each credit hour (i.e., six absences from a course which meets three times per week in a fifteen-week semester) strictly for personal emergencies. There are some courses (i.e., clinical, laboratory, performance, etc.) that may demand different attendance. This information should be specified to the student at the onset of the course.

Student attendance cannot be the sole determinant of a final grade in a course (i.e., although a student’s grade can be affected by poor attendance, a faculty member cannot assign a grade of “F” solely for absences); however, students are strongly cautioned to be mindful of how professors link attendance requirements to other aspects of how they are evaluated. This can seriously affect their grade, and even result in failure. Students have the right to appeal the grade according to documentation which is available in the Student Affairs Office.

Students Unable to Attend Courses on Certain Days Because of Religious Beliefs

Section 224a, Paragraph 6-a, of the New York State Education Law regarding absence from classes for religious observance states that “… each student who is absent from school, because of his or her religious beliefs, must be given an equivalent opportunity to register for classes or make up any examination, study or work requirements which he or she may have missed because of such absence on any particular day or days. No fees of any kind shall be charged by the institution for making available to such student such equivalent opportunity.”

Grading System

A grade will be assigned for each credit course in which a student enrolls, in accordance with the following grading system, subject to the conditions listed below:

Although all faculty are required to follow the grading system described above, faculty has the right to determine the specific evaluative criteria for a course (e.g., quizzes, exams, assignments, etc.) as well as their relative weight toward the final course grade.  These grading scenarios may vary by department, from instructor to instructor, and from course to course; however, students have the right to be informed in writing at the first or second class meeting about the content of the course and the criteria for evaluation.

Since many courses include laboratory or clinical components, faculty also has the right to determine the relative weight of a lab or clinical component in calculating the final grade as well as whether or not a student must pass a lab or clinical component in order to receive a passing grade for the course. 

For partially- or fully-online courses, faculty may require one or more on-campus examinations, including the final examination.  In addition, faculty of either online or on-campus courses are within their rights to specify that passing a final examination is required in order to pass the course.

The following grades do not affect grade point averages:

Grade Points, Credit Hours, Index

The credit hour value of a course is determined by the number of hours per week for which the course is scheduled to meet during a regular semester. In general, one credit hour is given for each hour of class (lecture-recitation) per week and one-third or one-half credit hour for each hour per week of laboratory or courses where outside preparation is less extensive. Note that, in general, students should expect to spend two hours working on course-related projects and assignments outside of the classroom for each one hour spent in class.

Grade points are obtained by multiplying credit hours by the quality points corresponding to the letter grade earned in the course. For example, a grade of “A” in a three-credit-hour course would give a total of 4 quality points x 3 credit hours = 12 grade points. A grade of “B” in the same course would give a grade point total of 3 x 3 = 9 points.

The grade point average is obtained by dividing the total number of grade points earned in all courses by the number of credit hours attempted (withdrawals are not considered attempts). If all grades are “A,” the index would be 4.0; B = 3.0; C = 2.0; D = 1.0; F = 0.0.

Full-time students who achieve a semester grade point average of 3.5 to 3.74 will have their names placed on the Dean’s List; those who achieve a grade point average of 3.75 to 4.0 are placed on the President’s List.

Academic Standing

Students are expected to make satisfactory academic progress toward a degree and maintain appropriate academic scholastic standards. Students with a cumulative GPA of less than 2.0 will be required to meet with a designated counselor before registering for the next semester in order to help them improve their academic performance.

Scholastic Standards

Students Not Meeting Scholastic Standards

If a student does not meet the College’s scholastic standards, the student’s academic status will be changed according to the table below. Financial aid standards are governed differently because all courses attempted, including developmental and transfer credits, are counted to determine financial aid eligibility.

Academic Status of Students Not Meeting Scholastic Standards

Academic Probation

A student on academic probation may take no more than 14 charged credits per semester, as approved by a counselor.  Mandated counseling is required for all students on academic probation.

Academic Restriction

A student on academic restriction may take no more than 8 charged credits per semester, as approved by a counselor and/or curriculum chair. Mandated counseling is required for all students on academic restriction.

Academic Dismissal

A student who is academically dismissed may not attend classes at Westchester Community College until the student petitions for reinstatement from academic dismissal and his/her Re-entry Application is approved. Students will be limited to 8 charged credits upon re-entry. Students returning after 2 or more years may be eligible for the Fresh Start Program (see Fresh Start).

Petition for Reinstatement from Academic Dismissal to Academic Restriction:

A student is encouraged to apply for reinstatement to the College only after the circumstances that caused him/her to be academically dismissed have been addressed. 

A student who is reinstated to the College

• Can only re-enter at the start of a regular fall or spring semester.  
• Will be automatically limited to 8 charged credits.
• Is not eligible for financial aid for the first semester in which they return and should discuss their eligibility with the financial aid office after completing a semester with a minimum GPA of 2.0.

• May not register for subsequent semester until their grades for the reinstated semester are all posted and processed.

To petition for reinstatement from academic dismissal, the application process is as follows:

1. Complete a Petition for Reinstatement from Academic Dismissal to Academic Restriction  available in the Registrar’s Office, the Counseling Office, and online by clicking on the above link. The application must be filed at least 2 weeks prior to the beginning of the regular fall or spring semester.
2. Submit any transcripts from other colleges attended in the interim.
3. Make an appointment with the Curriculum Chair assigned to the program of study you seek to enter or re-enter.
4. Make an appointment with the Academic Dean (or Dean’s designee) of the School, that houses the program of study(major). The Academic Dean or Dean’s designee will evaluate the application and information. If the application for reinstatement is approved, the student will be reinstated but will be on academic restriction, which limits student enrollment to 8 credits.

Reinstatement does not automatically mean financial aid reinstatement, since financial aid eligibility is governed by separate standards.

Reinstatement to matriculated status does not automatically mean reinstatement into a student’s former curriculum, since reinstatement or entry into certain curricula requires the permission of the Curriculum Chair. Curricula that require special permission from the Curriculum Chair include, but are not limited to; Nursing, Respiratory Care, Radiologic Technology, Veterinary Technology.

Report of Grades

It is college policy to provide all possible assistance to students so that their courses will be successfully completed and their educational goals achieved. Accordingly, instructors must be explicit in presenting course requirements, including attendance policy, especially at the beginning of the term. If the course instructor is not available to assign grades, the Department Chair will appoint a qualified faculty member to administer the grading process.

As soon as grades are posted at the end of each semester, a student can access his or her grades online by visiting www.sunywcc.edu/grades. This grade report (which can be easily printed by the student) will show the current academic index as well as the cumulative average. The student copy of the grade report cannot be used as an official transcript. In order to receive credit and a grade for a course, a student must register and pay for the course prior to the registration deadline for that semester or summer session. Students who wish to receive a hard copy of their grade report can do so, at no charge, by contacting the Registrar’s Office either by phone (914-606-6810) or by sending an email to Registrar@sunywcc.edu

Appealing a Final Grade

Students are expected to discuss their academic progress during the semester in which the grade is earned with the faculty member. If necessary, the student may consult with the Chairperson of the faculty member’s department. If, at the conclusion of the semester, a student believes that the final grade awarded was unfairly determined, the student has a right to pursue a formal appeal of the grade using the steps outlined below. It should be noted that the student may bring one support person to any or all of the meetings during the appeals process.*

*The student must submit a completed/notarized WCC FERPA Release of Information Form and list the support person as someone who is eligible to have access the student’s records prior to an appeal meeting. This form can be obtained in the Registrar’s Office or on the Registrar’s web page.

Step 1: Appeal to the Faculty Member

The student must request a meeting with the faculty member no later than the third week of the fall or spring semester following the term in which the grade was earned. Failure to do so will forfeit the appeal. The request must be made via email to the faculty member’s WCC email address. The faculty member is expected to grant this request for a meeting within ten business days of the request. The faculty member and student shall communicate to earnestly strive to resolve the problem (either in person/telephone or electronically/virtually). If an agreement is not reached, the Grade Appeal Form should be filled out by the student and faculty member in order to initiate Step 2 of the process. Note: If an in-person meeting was not possible the student should submit any email correspondence regarding the appeal to the Department Chair in addition to the Grade Appeal form.

Step 2: Meeting with the Department Chair

The student shall request a meeting with the Department Chair if:

• The faculty member is unavailable (i.e. Step 1 was not able to be completed), or

• Step 1 did not result in an agreement between the faculty member and the student.

The request to meet with the Department Chair must be made no later than the sixth week of the fall or spring semester following the semester in which the grade was earned. The Chairperson will make sure that the faculty member has completed his or her portion of the form and then schedule a meeting (with the student and faculty member) in a timely manner. The Chairperson, faculty member, and student shall communicate (either in person/telephone or electronically/virtually) and will act in a determined manner to address and resolve the underlying issues mentioned in the appeal. However, if the faculty member and student remain at an impasse AND the student indicates an intention to continue to pursue the issue, the Department Chair will complete the appropriate section of the form and forward it to the Dean of the School (in which the course is affiliated), thus initiating Step 3 of the Grade Appeal Process. However, if the appeal is resolved to the student’s satisfaction, and the faculty member agrees to change the grade, then the faculty member should change the grade using the standard grade form. In all cases, all paperwork associated with Step 2 of this process should be filed with the Dean’s Office as an official record of the resolved appeal.

Step 3: Meeting with the Dean

If a resolution is not agreed upon in step 2, the student must request a meeting with the Dean of the School (in which the course is affiliated) within ten business days of the conclusion of Step 2. The Dean will investigate the matter, meet with the Department Chairperson, the faculty member, and the student in order to work towards a mutual agreement of the appeal. This meeting can take place in person/telephone or electronically/virtually. However, if the faculty member and student still remain at an impasse AND the student indicates an intention to continue to pursue the issue, the Dean will complete the appropriate section of the form and forward it to the Provost, initiating Step 4 of the Grade Appeal Process.

Step 4: Appeal to the Vice President and Dean of Academic Affairs

If the student is discontent with the outcome of Step 3, the student can choose to make a request for an appeal with the Provost. This request must be made within ten business days of the conclusion of Step 3. The student will present the Provost with:

• The grade appeal form previously submitted to the Dean

• A written summary of what occurred during Steps 1-3, and

• A statement documenting why the student wishes to continue the appeals process.

After the Provost reviews all written documents concerning the appeal, the Provost will determine if the appeal has been sufficiently vetted through Steps 1-3 AND if the final grade should stand. If the Provost determines the appeal has been properly vetted and the final grade should stand then the Provost will inform all parties involved in Steps 1-3 in writing as to this finding.

However, if the Provost determines the appeal was not sufficiently vetted through the process, and/or the appeal still has merit, and the student and faculty member are still at an impasse, then the Provost will meet with members of that department’s D.C. (Departmental Committee) to discuss a possible resolution as soon as possible. The purpose of this meeting is for the Provost to discuss with departmental members the scope of the appeal to try to provide a path for resolution. This meeting can take place in person/telephone or electronically/virtually and must include at least two other members of the department (excluding the faculty member involved in the appeal) from the Departmental Committee. The Chairperson of that department may assist the Provost in identifying these two D.C. members, but the Department Chairperson should not be present at this meeting. After the meeting, the Provost will determine and notify all parties (involved in steps 1- 4) in writing of the final outcome of the appeal. The provost will also communicate with the registrar’s office if a change of grade is needed.

Mid-Term Standings

A student whose work is not satisfactory is so informed by the instructor at mid-term. An informal conference is usually held with the instructor in order to discuss difficulties and suggest withdrawal or plan a course of action which should result in improvement and satisfactory achievement by the end of the semester.

Fresh Start

For students returning to Westchester Community College after a prior unsuccessful start and a lengthy absence, our institution offers the Fresh Start Program.  Achieving success after an unsuccessful first try is not uncommon. Students find themselves unable to continue college for different reasons. The Fresh Start Program provides eligible students with an opportunity for academic success.

1. To be Eligible:

Student must not have enrolled for undergraduate courses at Westchester Community College for, at least, 2 consecutive years prior to returning.

2. Criteria required to apply a student must:

• Complete 12 undergraduate academic credits with a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0
• Be matriculated in a degree or certificate program.

3. Application process:

After completing 12 or more undergraduate academic credits with a minimum cumulative GPA of 2.0, a student must see the counselor(s) responsible for the Fresh Start Program in the Office of Academic Counseling & Student Success to complete an application.

4. Forgiveness after meeting Eligibility and Application process:

Once approved for a Fresh Start, the student’s grades of “D” and “F” earned prior to the student’s return are excluded from their cumulative GPA and will be marked with “Fresh Start – Exclude” on the student’s record.  The excluded course grades cannot be re-included later to complete academic requirements.

5. Caveats:

• Fresh Start can be used by each student only once.
• An Academic Fresh Start will NOT automatically make a student eligible for financial aid.  Please contact the Financial Aid office for further information.
• Fresh Start does not apply to any completed degree or certificate.

To apply for the Fresh Start Program, visit the Fresh Start page of our website.

Transcript of Record

An official transcript is one bearing the seal of the college and the signature of the Registrar. Official transcripts cannot be sent by fax or email. If a student owes money to the college from any previous semester, no academic transcripts will be forwarded to any other institution until the debt is paid. Requests for an Official transcript may be made in three ways:

• Online
  Find instructions at www.sunywcc.edu/transcripts. Online requests must be paid for by credit card at the time of the request. 
• In-Person
  Stop by Room 107 in the Administration Building to order your transcript during normal business hours.  Please be advised when ordering your transcripts in person that transcripts take one business day to prepare. If you order a transcript in person, you can either return to pick it up the next business day, or we can mail it out to a designated address on your behalf. The fee for official transcripts is $10.00 per copy.

• By Mail
  Official copies of your Westchester Community College academic transcript can be requested by mail. Please visit www.sunywcc.edu/transcripts to download and print a Transcript Request Form. Mail your completed written transcript request form to:
   
  Westchester Community College Registrar’s Office
  75 Grasslands Road
  Valhalla, NY 10595

  Written transcript requests must include an accompanying check or money order for $10.00 (per official copy), made payable to Westchester Community College. Cash cannot be accepted.

An unofficial transcript is one given to the student for his or her own use and is marked “unofficial” or “student copy.” A student can find out how to obtain an unofficial transcript by visiting www.sunywcc.edu/transcripts. There is no charge for access to unofficial transcripts.

Confidentiality of Student Records

The academic and personal records, which the student establishes at Westchester Community College, are considered by this institution to be confidential information, and information contained in the student’s records will be furnished to other parties, including parents, only upon receipt of a release signed by the student, or to duly authorized officials.

Access to Other Records

In response to the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, as it is currently understood, enrolled students have the right to inspect and review all official records, files, and data directly related to them which are maintained by Westchester Community College (except confidential documents dated before January 1, 1975, certain financial records, and medical records). While the college will make every attempt to assist students at the time of their requests, it should be understood that office responsibilities such as registration, placement, grading, etc. may require that a later, mutually convenient appointment be arranged for document review. Under the law providing access to institutional records, students have the right to:

1. A list of the types of educational records which are maintained by the institution and are directly related to students
2. Inspect and review the contents of those records
3. Obtain copies of those records at the expense of the eligible student
4. A response from the institution to reasonable requests for explanation and interpretation of those records
5. An opportunity for a hearing to challenge the content of those records.

Student records are maintained by the Office of the Registrar, Room 107, Administration Building, where Request Forms for record access may be obtained.

Any questions concerning the procedure to be followed in requesting such a hearing should be directed to the Dean of Student Personnel Services.

Policies Regarding Courses

The information given below will help you determine what courses to take, help you decide what to take first, and inform you of exams, evaluations or courses you may have to take before registering for certain courses or programs. The procedures for making changes in your curriculum and withdrawing from courses are also explained.

Maximum Credit Load

Students enrolling during the Fall and Spring semesters may not register for more than 19 credits without obtaining special permission from both their Curriculum Chair and the appropriate Academic Dean.

Students entering or continuing at the college who are required to take ENG 91 - Writing for College 1 or ENG 92 - Writing for College 2 along with a non-credit mathematics course (Computational Skills or Beginning Algebra) or College Reading and Study Skills may take no more than 14 charged credits.

Students may not register for more than two courses in any single Summer session.

Developmental Education Courses

All matriculated students at Westchester Community College who do not receive placement waivers are required to take the Placement Assessment prior to registering in courses. Students are placed in courses according to their placement assessment results in reading, writing, and mathematics.
If students’ results indicate that they need to improve their skills in any of the above-mentioned areas, they must enroll in developmental courses.

All first-time matriculated students must be advised by a counselor prior to registration. For students placing in any number of developmental courses, specific course selection will be decided in consultation with either a counselor or a curriculum chair.

Below are the minimum course requirements for full-time matriculated students:

• Full-time matriculated students placed into one or two developmental courses must take those courses within their first semester at the College.
• Full-time matriculated students placed into three developmental courses must enroll in at least two of those courses within their first semester at the College; these students must take the third developmental course in the following semester. These students are strongly advised to enroll in all three developmental courses within their first semester.

Below are the minimum course requirements for part-time matriculated students:

• Part-time matriculated students placed into one or two developmental courses must take those courses prior to enrolling in a third credit-bearing course. These students are strongly advised to enroll in their developmental courses within their first semester at the College.
• Part-time matriculated students placed into three developmental courses must enroll in all those courses prior to enrolling in a third credit-bearing course. These students are strongly advised to enroll in their developmental courses within their first year at the College.

Non-matriculated students who do not receive placement waivers are required to take the Placement Assessment or demonstrate proof of completion of college-level math, reading, and writing courses with a grade of “C” or better from a regionally accredited college or university if they wish to enroll in courses that have a test score pre- or co-requisite.

Westchester Community College provides students with further assistance through the Academic Support Center which provides free tutoring in developmental and college-level courses. Students in developmental courses are strongly advised to take advantage of these services to expedite their skill development.

Developmental Courses Grading

There are two types of Developmental Courses, those that are prerequisite to a credit course and those that are co-requisite/support classes to a credit course.

Prerequisite developmental courses, which do not satisfy a degree such as: 

• Grades of A - D indicate successful completion of the course but are not used in grade point average calculations.
• Grade of F indicates the course was not successfully completed and is not used in grade point average calculations. Student will be required to repeat this course.

Co-requisite/support classes are taken concurrently with credit bearing courses to support course content. Co-requisite/support classes such as:

• The grading for these co-requisite/support classes will be Pass/Fail
• Grades for co-requisite/support classes are not used in grade point average calculations.
• Student must pass BOTH the credit course and the co-requisite/support class; if they fail either, they fail both, and must repeat both.

Registration in College-level Courses

Students placed into developmental courses may be able to enroll in a number of credit-bearing courses in consultation with a counselor (click for the current list of these credit-bearing courses ). Students should check the specific course pre-requisite and/or co-requisites. For more information, call the Assistant Dean of Developmental Education at 914-606-6714.

Prerequisites and Corequisites

Students should read carefully the stated prerequisites and corequisites listed in the course description section of this catalog. A prerequisite to a course is a requirement that must have been completed prior to enrollment in that course. A corequisite to a course is a requirement to be taken at the same time that a student is enrolled in that course.

Students should see an academic counselor or their Curriculum Chair for more specific information about taking courses in proper sequence.

Online Courses

Students with a GPA below 2.0 at Westchester Community College require special permission from a counselor to register for a fully online course. 

Linked Courses

Linked courses are courses that offer an integrated learning experience, and as such, they need to be taken simultaneously. The linked courses can be within the same discipline, or across disciplines, offering an opportunity to understand both subjects more deeply. Linked courses must be registered for together. Similarly, students choosing to drop or withdraw from linked courses, must drop or withdraw from both courses. 

Repeating Courses

Repeating a course in which a grade of D, F, FN, IF, W, WP, or WF was received:

On a one-time basis, students may repeat courses they have completed with a grade of D, F, FN, IF, W, WP, or WF. If a course has been repeated once (i.e., taken twice), a registration block will prevent the student from registering for the same course again. To make a request for a further repeat, please follow the procedure on the below chart. Certain health science and field experience courses cannot be repeated.

Repeating a course in which a grade of C or better was received:

Students who request to repeat a course in which a grade of C or better was received must seek approval by a Counselor. 

When two or more grades exist for the same course, all grades will remain on the transcript; however, only the highest grade will be used to calculate the cumulative grade point average. Students applying for transfer should be aware that it is sometimes the policy of four-year colleges to recalculate an applicant’s GPA using all grades earned. 

Repeating a course previously passed may jeopardize financial aid eligibility. Prior to repeating a course, financial aid recipients are urged to consult with a financial aid counselor to determine if current or future financial aid may be negatively affected. See Financial Aid, Pursuit and Progress Standards and general Financial Aid Guidelines on the college website.

Auditing Courses

A student who wishes to audit a credit course must formally register and receive permission from the instructor to receive the AUDIT grade. This permission must be obtained no later than the first day of class. Students who are permitted to audit a credit course are subject to payment of all tuition and fees. The audit grade shall be designated as “AU” (No Credit).

College credit lecture courses may be audited during fall and spring semesters by Westchester County residents 60 years of age or older on a space available basis. Courses with labs, foreign languages and hands-on classes, such as computer and art classes are not qualified.  Senior auditors pay $13.00 in registration fees each semester. Proof of age and residency is required. For more information, contact the Mainstream Office at 914-606-6793 or mainstream@sunywcc.edu.

Grades of “Incomplete”

Incomplete Grade Policy

An Incomplete or “I” may be assigned when extenuating circumstances prevent a student from completing a course. This grade is NOT a student right and is granted only upon approval of the Instructor, Department Chair and Academic Dean to ensure fairness and consistency in the assignment of this grade.

A student request for an Incomplete will be reviewed only if the following minimum criteria apply:

1. The course requirement has not been completed for serious and compelling reasons beyond the student’s control (e.g., illness, death in family) for which the student must be able to, upon request, provide clear and complete documentation of the situation from a qualified professional (e.g., physician), AND
2. There is a reasonable expectation that the student upon completing the missed work can pass the course.

The Incomplete grade must be changed to a letter grade according to the below schedule or it will automatically convert to an “IF”:

Incomplete Grade Procedure

The process for the assignment of an Incomplete is as follows:

1. The student must request an Incomplete from his/her Instructor and provide the Instructor with all necessary information and documentation regarding the extenuating circumstances.
2. If the above minimum criteria for the assignment of an Incomplete apply, the Instructor will fill out a Request for Incomplete Grade Form (accessible to faculty via MyWCC) so that the request can be further reviewed in consultation with the Department Chair and Academic Dean.
3. If the request for an Incomplete is approved, the Registrar’s Office will post the grade of “I” on the student record, which will then appear on the final grade roster next to the student’s name. In addition, the Registrar’s Office will notify the student of the “I” grade assignment by sending an email to the student’s MYWCC email address.
4. If the approval for an Incomplete Grade request is still pending by the time the Instructor is ready to submit his/her final course grades, the Instructor should assign the student a final grade for the course that factors in all missed assignments. If the request for an Incomplete is subsequently approved, this course grade will be changed to an “I” by the Registrar’s Office. The Registrar’s Office will notify the student of the “I” grade assignment by sending an email to the student’s MYWCC email address. However, if the request for an Incomplete is denied, this grade will remain as the student’s final course grade.

A student assigned an “I” must make arrangements with the Instructor to make up the missed work. Once the student completes the missed work, the Instructor, in a timely manner, will grade the work and replace the Incomplete Grade with a letter grade by filling out a Change of Grade form. The Incomplete Grade must be changed to a letter grade according to the schedule above (see Incomplete Grade Policy) or it will automatically convert to an “IF.”

Withdrawal Policies and Procedures

Deadlines

Student Initiated Withdrawal from a Course: Last Day of Ninth Week of Semester

Student Initiated Complete Withdrawal from College: Last Day of Classes Before Final Exams

For Semesters Shorter than 15 Weeks: See Academic Calendar for the Established Withdrawal Date

Student Initiated Withdrawal from a Course (Deadline: Last Day of the Ninth Week of a Semester)

The deadline for withdrawal from a course with a grade of “W” is the last day of the ninth week of the semester.

A grade of “W” does not affect a student’s GPA. However, it is important to use withdrawals wisely. If unsure, it is best to consult with your instructor or academic counselor.  Prior to withdrawal, financial aid recipients are urged to consult with a financial aid counselor to determine if current or future financial aid may be negatively affected.

While it is the right of a student to withdraw from a course, withdrawal without following the procedure listed below may result in the student’s failure of the course.

The procedure to withdraw from zero-credit courses is as follows:

1. Meet with a Counselor, Curriculum Chair, Department Chair or Academic Dean.
2. The Counselor, Curriculum Chair, Department Chair or Academic Dean will release the hold that is placed on these zero-credit courses and withdraw the student.

Students may withdraw from credit-bearing courses using the MyWCC self-service portal. For instructions on how to withdraw, please login to MyWCC and follow the procedures for “How to Drop Courses Online.”

Faculty Assigned Course Withdrawal Grade of WP/WF (After Ninth Week of Semester)

After the ninth week, the course instructor may allow a student with extenuating circumstances to withdraw from the course by assigning a grade of WP (withdrawal-passing: student is passing at the time of withdrawal) or WF (withdrawal-failing: student is failing at the time of withdrawal). A grade of WP or WF does not affect a student’s GPA.

This is not a student right and is reserved only for unusual and extenuating circumstances beyond the student’s control. The reasons for withdrawing must be serious and compelling (not merely poor attendance or grades). The student must be able to, upon request, provide clear and complete documentation of the situation from a qualified professional such as a physician.

Here are some guidelines for acceptable serious and compelling reasons:

Medical: Serious illness or injury of the student or of his/her immediate family, which has resulted in the inability to make up course material missed.

Financial: A student’s financial situation has become so critical that it has resulted in the inability to make up course material missed.

Personal: Serious family crisis or death in a family, which has resulted in the inability to make up course material missed.

A grade of WP or WF can negatively affect a student’s current or future financial aid eligibility. 

Student Initiated Complete Withdrawal from College: All Courses (After Ninth Week of Semester)

Students may withdraw from all courses at the college up until the last day of classes before final examinations. A grade of “W” would be assigned for all classes. A grade of “W” does not affect a student’s GPA. The reasons for withdrawing should be serious and compelling, not merely poor attendance or grades.

The procedure to withdraw from college is as follows:

1. Obtain a withdrawal form from the Counseling Office or the Registrar’s Office.
2. Allow enough time to complete the form, including obtaining all signatures.
3. Notify all instructors of the withdrawal.
4. Check with the Library, the Financial Aid Office, and the Bursar’s Office to determine if there are outstanding obligations.
5. Meet with the Counselor for final approval.
6. Submit the form to the Registrar before the deadline date.

If a student is not physically able to do this process, a member of his/her family or a designee of his/her choice, with proper identification and written consent from the student, could be requested to do so.

Withdrawal from college can negatively affect a student’s current or future financial aid eligibility.

Students who withdraw from the college and wish to register for the next semester may do so.

Credit for Work Completed Elsewhere

Matriculated students may obtain credit for college level work completed in addition to their regular college courses. A few basic rules apply. The college can grant credit only for specific equivalent coursework in the student’s curriculum, and the number of credits for each specific course cannot exceed the credit value of that course.

A student may be granted a maximum of 50 percent of the required credits for a degree or certificate at Westchester Community College through one or more of the following methods:

• Advanced Standing: Transfer credit can be granted in equivalent courses completed at other accredited institutions of collegiate rank.

• Courses transferred as specific courses (not electives) must be determined to be the equivalent of the Westchester Community College courses they will replace.
• Within the requirements for the various curricula, there may be specific courses that must be taken at Westchester Community College.
• The post-secondary institutions from which credits are received must be regionally/nationally accredited at the time the courses were taken.
• Transfer of international credits is at the discretion of the college. International credits must be evaluated by an outside accrediting agency prior to submission.
• Any course deemed equivalent to a college-level course at Westchester Community College in which the student has received a grade of “C” (i.e., 2.0) or better will be accepted for transfer credit.
• Courses in which grades of “P” (Pass) and “S” (Satisfactory) will also be accepted for transfer credit, provided the standard for achieving those grades is 2.0 or better.
• In some curricula, arrangements have been made with certain high schools and other educational institutions for consideration of advanced standing of work completed at those schools.
• A student cannot earn duplicate credit by transfer for courses already successfully completed at WCC.

• Examination: Through the College Level Examination Program (CLEP) and Advanced Placement (AP), a student may successfully complete examinations in a variety of subject areas and can be granted college credit.

• College Level Examination Program (CLEP): Click for CLEP Exams and Equivalent Courses . See www.collegeboard.com/CLEP for testing sites in New York State.
• Advanced Placement (AP): Click for AP Exam Score Requirements . AP courses and examinations are given at most high schools.
• A student cannot earn duplicate credit for examination programs and college studies covering the same material.

Students who wish to have CLEP or AP scores evaluated to satisfy Westchester Community College degree requirements should submit official copies of the scores to the Transfer Credit Evaluator in the Registrar’s Office.

• Credit for Studies Completed while Serving in the Military: Students who have engaged in a course of study while serving in the military may be eligible to receive college credit at Westchester Community College
  • The coursework completed in the military must be applicable to the program of study (degree) in which the student wishes to enroll (or is enrolled) at Westchester Community College.
  • Students must submit the following documents to the Transcript Evaluator in the Admissions Office:
    • AARTS¹ transcript, or a SMART², or a CCAF³ transcript AND An ACE4 recommendation/transcript OR the DD214 (for Physical Education transfer credit).
    • Students may earn generic credit identified by discipline or type of degree requirement OR credit for a specific, parallel course.
    • Transfer credit may fulfill core, program or elective requirements.

¹AARTS - Army/American Council on Education Registry Transcript System
²SMARTS - Sailor/Marine American Council of Education Registry Transcript System
³CCAF - Community College of the Air Force
⁴ACE – American Council on Education

Credit for Studies Completed while attending Police Academies:
WCC has articulation agreements with the Westchester County Police Academy, the Westchester County Department of Corrections Academy and the New York City Police Department to accept transfer courses applicable to the student’s program of study at the discretion of the curriculum chair of the Criminal Justice-Police AAS and Criminal Justice-Corrections AAS degrees.

For further information contact: Transfer Credit Evaluator, Registrar’s Office, Westchester Community College

Advanced Placement Policy

Department of English
October 5, 2004


1. Students who complete the AP English Language and Composition course and score a 3 or higher on the AP exam will be granted 3 credits by Westchester Community College for ENG 101 - Writing and Research . They may proceed to ENG 102 - Writing and Literature .

2. Students who complete the AP English Literature and Composition course and score a 3 or higher on the AP exam will be granted 3 credits for ENG 102 - Writing and Literature . To fulfill Westchester Community College’s Core Requirements for graduation they must take either ENG 101 - Writing and Research  or an English literature elective.

3. Students who complete both the AP English Language and Composition course AND the English Literature & Composition course and score a 3 or higher on the respective AP exams will be granted 6 credits for both ENG 101 - Writing and Research  and ENG 102 - Writing and Literature  and may enroll in any English elective they may wish to take.

Honors Program

The Honors Program at Westchester Community College brings together bright, highly-motivated students who thrive on the honors experience and enjoy the fellowship of other students excited about learning. Honors classes are small in order to encourage lively interchange between students and faculty. This helps students develop social, communication and research skills and explore topics of interest more deeply. Student research papers are published in the Honors Program interdisciplinary journal Verdandi and presented at a regional scholarly conference. An honors seminar room has been set aside for students and faculty in the program. Also, honors students have an opportunity to study abroad at Cambridge University in England every summer.

Since the program began in 1987, honors courses, which have an honors designation on college transcripts, have included Writing and Research, Writing and Literature, Cinema Studies, Introduction to World Politics, Holocaust Studies and Seminar in Ethics. Honors courses are open to both full- and part-time students, regardless of academic program. Note that honors versions of courses satisfy the same requirements as the non-honors versions. Students in the program are free to take one, two or several honors courses; they are not required to take every honors course offered. In order to be accepted into the Honors Program, candidates are expected to demonstrate a strong overall academic record with a grade point average of at least 3.25. However, any extenuating circumstances as well as particular strengths in certain academic areas will be considered in the review process. Final decisions regarding acceptance or continuation in the program rest with the Honors Program administrators. Students graduating from the college are named as Honors Program Graduates if the following criteria are met: a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.25 and successful completion of at least four honors courses at Westchester Community College with a minimum honors-course GPA of 3.5.

Scholarships are available for continuing students at the college and from many four-year colleges and universities, (e.g., Cornell University, Columbia School of General Studies, The University of Rochester, Mercy College, and SUNY/Brockport).

For more information about the Honors Program visit www.sunywcc.edu/honors.

Changing Your Curriculum (Program of Study)

Procedures for students wishing to make curriculum changes:

1. Make the request to change your curriculum before selection of courses for the next semester.
2. Obtain a Curriculum Change Request Form from your counselor.
3. Consult with your counselor, then see the Curriculum Chair of the program you wish to enter.
4. After obtaining the signature of the chairperson of the curriculum being entered, take the form to the Registrar’s Office for processing.

Graduating

See your Academic Counselor and/or Curriculum Chairperson to be sure you will have satisfied all degree requirements by the time you plan to graduate.

Graduation Requirements

Requirements for the Associate in Arts (A.A.), Associate in Science (A.S.), and Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) degrees, and all certificate programs are as stated in the appropriate curriculum descriptions (See Programs of Study ).

The minimum cumulative grade point average required for graduation is 2.0.

Students who have completed four or more honors courses will be designated as Honors Program Graduates.

All students are responsible for communicating their anticipated graduation date to their Curriculum Chairperson and for submitting an Application for Graduation Form to the Registrar’s Office during the January prior to May graduation. Students expecting to complete their degree requirements in December must do this by November of their final Fall Semester. The student is responsible for ensuring that all graduation requirements have been met. If graduation requirements are not successfully completed by the deadline, it is the student’s responsibility to contact the Registrar’s Office to change the Application for Graduation to indicate a new anticipated date of graduation. Under no circumstances can a degree be conferred retroactively.

Graduation Honors and Distinctions

• Graduation with Distinction. Graduation recognition for students with a cumulative average of 3.50-3.74.
• Graduation with Highest Distinction. Graduation recognition for students with a cumulative average of 3.75 or higher.
• Honors Program Graduate, a student who: 
  1. is graduating from the college with a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.25 
  2. has successfully completed a minimum of four Honors courses
  3. has a minimum GPA for all Honors courses of 3.5.

Valedictorian and Salutatorian Policy

Students graduating from a degree program at Westchester Community College are eligible for consideration as valedictorian or salutatorian if they have completed 45 credits or more at WCC. Among the eligible students, the student with the highest cumulative GPA will be honored with the designation of valedictorian and the student with the second highest cumulative GPA will be honored with the designation of salutatorian. Rankings will be determined at the application deadline for May graduation. The valedictorian will write and deliver a formal address to fellow students, faculty and guests at commencement.

In the case of identical cumulative GPA’s, candidates will be invited to complete the valedictorian application. The applications will be reviewed by the Valedictorian/Salutatorian Selection Committee, appointed each February by the Presiding Officer of the Faculty Senate and comprised of five faculty, one from each of the five academic schools that make up the college.

The application asks each candidate to list three faculty references and to compose a personal statement. The applicant with the highest ranking based upon the strength of his/her faculty evaluations for academic excellence will be selected as valedictorian and the runner-up will be selected as salutatorian. In the event of a further tie, the selection will be based upon the evaluation of the personal statement. 

All applicants will receive notification informing them of the Committee’s decision. However, the college reserves the right to rescind the designation of valedictorian or salutatorian if the student’s final semester grades are determined to deviate from his/her original ranking.  

Graduation Ceremony

Graduation and participation in Commencement are not automatic. Students must initiate the process themselves. Those intending to graduate in May must file for graduation in the Registrar’s Office during the January prior to May graduation.

Students who complete their graduation requirements at the end of the fall semester, or during the summer sessions, are also invited to participate in the May commencement ceremony by filing an Application for Graduation with the Registrar’s Office by this deadline.

Posthumous Degree or Certificate

Westchester Community College may recognize a student’s work by conferring a degree or certificate posthumously to the family of a deceased student. The student must have been enrolled in the college and in good standing at the time of death. Upon the recommendation of the student’s Curriculum Chair, the college may award a posthumous degree or certificate if the student completed at least 75% of the credit hour requirements for said degree or certificate at the time of death. This recommendation will then be made to the Academic Dean, Vice President/Dean of Academic Affairs and to the President for final approval.

Additional Degree or Certificate

A matriculated student who is admitted for an additional degree at Westchester Community College is required to complete, in addition to all specific course requirements, a minimum of 15 additional credits at the college encompassing the required courses for the additional degree.

Matriculated students for an additional certificate, or a certificate in a different discipline area from the Associate degree, must complete an additional number of credits equal to at least one-half the requirements of that certificate at the college. Such credits must encompass the required courses for the certificate.

A student who has successfully completed a certificate may apply those credits earned, where appropriate, to fulfill the requirements or electives in an Associate degree program.

Special Programs

Biology Participation in Research and Education Program (BioPREP) at SUNY/Stony Brook

A six-week residential summer program for underrepresented minority students at two-year institutions who want to transfer to four-year schools and prepare for careers in the biological sciences. Participants receive $2,500 salary for completion of BioPREP and are responsible for room ($720) and board costs.

Bridges to the Baccalaureate Program

The National Institute of Health sponsors this program between SUNY/Binghamton, Purchase College and Westchester Community College. Underrepresented minority students receive special benefits while they pursue their studies in the sciences and math. These students continue to receive support when they go on to Binghamton or Purchase to pursue a baccalaureate degree in a biomedical field. For more information, contact Professor Glen Richards at 914-606-6979.

Jack Kent Cooke Foundation

In spring 2010, the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation will award scholarships to help students with exceptional promise and demonstrated financial need to reach their full potential through education. Each award will fund tuition, fees, and living expenses for two to three years of a Jack Kent Cooke Scholar’s undergraduate degree. To be eligible, a candidate must have completed freshman credits in 2009 at, or be a recent graduate (since May 2004) of, an accredited community college or two-year institution in the U.S., have a cumulative GPA of 3.5 or better on a 4.0 scale, plan to transfer to a four-year college or university in Fall 2010, and be nominated by his or her two-year institution.

Details and application materials may be obtained at: www.jkcf.org. All applications must be returned to the Westchester Community College Foundation by December 15. For more information, please contact the Scholarship Office at 914-606-6442, or at scholarships@sunywcc.edu.

National Science Foundation’s Pipeline Scholarship Fund

To be eligible, a student must:

• Be a full-time student majoring in Mathematics, Computer Science, Engineering or Technology.
• Transfer students must have a GPA of 2.5 (3.0 for Purchase College transfers).
• Have financial need. 
• Be a U.S. citizen, refugee alien, or permanent resident alien.

For more information, please contact Professor Rowan Lindley at 914-606-8584.

Transfer to Four-Year Colleges

Westchester Community College graduates often transfer to four-year institutions with a full two years of credit and are able to complete most Bachelor’s degrees within two more years of study. Students are advised to consult the four-year college of their choice as early as their first semester at Westchester. They may visit the Career and Transfer Center where they can meet with a counselor or the Coordinator of Transfer Services. The professors in each program of study are also a good source of transfer information.

A significant number of all Westchester Community College graduates transfer to four-year colleges and universities immediately after graduating. Most of them attend as full-time students, but many do so as part-time students while working in full-time or part-time, career-related jobs. Other graduates work for a few years before transferring.

Westchester Community College graduates have transferred to colleges and universities throughout the country including Boston University, Columbia School of General Studies, Cooper Union, Cornell University, Manhattan College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, Stanford University, Vassar College, Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. Many of our students have transferred to local colleges such as the College of New Rochelle, Iona College, Mercy College, New York University, Pace University, Fordham University, CUNY institutions, as well as to most of the SUNY colleges, including Albany, Binghamton, Buffalo, Oneonta, Purchase College, and Stony Brook.

Specific information regarding the transfer experience of our graduates is reported in the Study of the Graduates, published annually by the Office of Institutional Research. This study is available at the Reserve Desk in the Harold L. Drimmer Library and Learning Resource Center. Prospective students also are given information on curriculum-specific outcomes, in compliance with Consumer Disclosure Requirements from the U.S. Department of Education. Westchester Community College has both formal and informal transfer agreements with many four-year colleges. These agreements smooth the transition from one college to the other and help students decide which courses to select and which degree to pursue to facilitate transfer to the desired program of study.

Westchester Community College currently enjoys formal transfer agreements with the following colleges and universities: Berkeley College, College of New Rochelle, Concordia College, Dominican College, Fairfield University, Houghton College, Iona College, Lehman College (CUNY), Marymount College of Fordham University, Marymount of Manhattan, Manhattan College, Manhattanville College, Maritime College, Mercy College, New York Institute of Technology, New York University, Pace University, Paul Smith’s College, St. Thomas Aquinas, SUNY Albany, SUNY Empire, SUNY Farmingdale, SUNY New Paltz and Purchase College.

Transferring to a SUNY Four-Year School

Students who plan to transfer to a State University of New York four-year school with an Associate in Arts or Associate in Science degree from Westchester Community College need to ensure that they have met the General Education requirements by the time of their graduation from this college. 

Click to view the General Education Requirements .